For more than 80 years, CSIRO has studied how Australian homes use energy and how to make them perform better. The work started with post-war experiments in building physics. Today, it supports almost 90 per cent of new homes and influences national energy standards, policies, and technologies.
CSIRO’s residential energy modelling tools have delivered $1.72 billion in net benefits. The research helps improve comfort, efficiency, and sustainability. Millions of older homes still use more energy than needed, driving up household bills and electricity demand. The modelling helps households, industry, and regulators make better decisions.
The research began in 1944 with the Commonwealth Experimental Building Station. Early studies predicted indoor temperatures for single rooms. By the 1970s, full-building simulations were possible. In 1998, the Chenath Engine became the backbone of the Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS).
Tools have evolved from hand-written algorithms and punch cards to AI and cloud computing. Some assumptions from early studies remain. For example, models assume high energy use between 4pm and 6pm when meals are prepared. Researchers regularly review these assumptions to reflect modern life.
Changes in housing have influenced the research. Early homes used heavy materials and open fires. After World War II, lighter materials, bigger windows, and faster construction became common. Cheap energy in the 1960s and 70s led to larger, less efficient homes. From the 1980s, insulation and sustainability became priorities. CSIRO’s models supported the introduction of 5-, 6-, and 7-star energy ratings in the National Construction Code.
Current work focuses on both efficiency and resilience. CSIRO research now addresses indoor comfort, grid interaction, climate impacts, and the performance of existing housing. Public data portals, mortgage portfolio models, and social science research help homeowners, lenders, and policymakers act on energy efficiency.
The next phase of research includes developing Australia’s first indoor thermal comfort standards, improving grid integration metrics, and expanding housing data for national modelling. The team also tests assumptions about work-from-home energy use and apartment living.
CSIRO’s work shows that housing research connects to health, energy, finance, and the environment. The science continues to adapt with technology, social change, and climate needs. Residential energy modelling remains at the heart of how Australia builds homes, manages energy, and plans for the future.